Ann Oncol

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) remains the most common type of cancer and a leading cause of mortality in people who are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1 This is despite a marked decrease in the incidence of HIV-associated NHL (HIV–NHL) following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s.2 In contrast, the incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) increased slightly but has remained stable since 2000.1 Compared with the age- and gender-matched general population, the incidences of HIV–NHL and HIV-associated HL (HIV–HL) are increased ∼10- to 20-fold.3 The most common histological types of HIV-associated lymphomas are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL; 37%), HL (26%) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL; 20%).4 Independent risk factors for DLBCL in people living with HIV (PLWH) include a low cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T-cell count and an uncontrolled HIV-1 viral load (VL).5 The availability of ART and better management of opportunistic infections allow PLWH to receive the same treatments as people without HIV, including intensive therapies such as autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT), allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. Patients with HIV-associated lymphomas should be enrolled in clinical trials whenever possible. The aim of this guideline is to provide practical clinical guidance and recommendations to clinicians who manage HIV-associated lymphomas.